Using true experiments to study culture: Manipulations, measurement issues, and the question of appropriate control groups

Social group memberships are primarily studied in quasi-experimental contexts, but how can culture, class and gender be manipulated true experimental designs? This review highlights the different empirical strategies that used to manipulate “culture” as it relates race/ethnicity (activation of thinking styles, language, priming cultural constructs), (social standing, status, or perceived social status), (role salience, identity, sex hormone administration). I measurement issues related manipulation checks problem what construct is tapped by manipulation, appropriate control groups, intersectional identities memberships.